The Transformation of European Civilization

1. The reasons for the famine in Europe in the early 1300s. (1315-1317)

- did not use fertilizers

- the division of the land (into 2, later into 3 parts)

- no more land for cultivation

- the population increased in number

- most of the fruits, vegetables, crops were unfamiliar to the Europeans.

- the weather became colder and wetter

- early winter storms

- rain increased

- Mini ice-age.

-effects

2. The Black Death (1347-1351) the peak of the spread

- bubonic plague

- pneumonic plague

- the spread of the BD

The effects:

3. The Challenge of War and National Unity

a) The Hundred Years War (1337-1453)

France versus England

-the reasons for the war

-political

-dynastic (Eduard III)

-the battles of Crecy & Politiers (1340s and 1356s)

-longbow

-the last phase of the war

-Henry V 1415 (the battle of Azenkur)

-Joan of Arc (1412-1431)

-the end of the war and the effects:

for France strong central

for England not stable

other (longbow, cannons)

b) The War of the Roses (1455-1485)

- an effect of the defeat
- a civil war

Lancaster red

York white

Henry VII Tudor

(1485-1509) stabilization

c) The Holy Roman Empire

emperors vs. popes

(11^th 13^th centuries)

because dependant..

-1438- The Habsburg tanity took the position of emperor and kept it till 1918.